intermediatePython Framework • Core Concepts

Advanced OOP

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Class Methods & Static Methods

Regular methods need `self`. `@classmethod` needs `cls` and works on the class itself. `@staticmethod` needs neither - it's just a function living inside a class.

Python
class Date:
    def __init__(self, day, month):
        self.day = day
        self.month = month

    @classmethod
    def from_string(cls, date_str):
        d, m = map(int, date_str.split('-'))
        return cls(d, m)

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid(day, month):
        return 1 <= day <= 31 and 1 <= month <= 12

Properties: Getters & Setters

Use the `@property` decorator to access methods like attributes. This lets you add validation logic without breaking existing code.

Python
class Circle:
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self._radius = radius

    @property
    def radius(self):
        return self._radius

    @radius.setter
    def radius(self, value):
        if value < 0: raise ValueError("Positive only!")
        self._radius = value

c = Circle(5)
c.radius = 10  # Calls setter

Multiple Inheritance & Mixins

A class can inherit from multiple parents. 'Mixins' are small classes designed to add specific features (like logging or saving) to other classes.

Python
class LogMixin:
    def log(self, msg):
        print(f"LOG: {msg}")

class Animal:
    pass

class Dog(Animal, LogMixin):
    def bark(self):
        self.log("Woof!")

d = Dog()
d.bark()  # LOG: Woof!

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Visual Lab

Class Hierarchy

Animal (Base)
↓
Bird (Subclass)
Start/End
Condition
Action

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